Creating a 3D printable model from regular 2D photographs is easier than ever with the latest photogrammetry software. Photogrammetry analyzes photos of an object taken from multiple angles and generates a 3D mesh model usable for 3D printing or other applications.
In this complete guide, learn how to Create 3D Model from Photos ready for printing or other uses. We’ll cover:
- Photogrammetry basics and how it works
- Equipment and camera settings for photogrammetry
- Shooting the right photos for photogrammetry
- Software options for generating 3D models
- Cleaning up and optimizing the model
- 3D printing considerations
- Alternative 3D scanning methods
- Photogrammetry tips for best results
Follow these steps and you’ll be able to create detailed 3D replicas from photos to use for 3D printing, VR/AR, games, animations, and more.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is the process of constructing 3D models from 2D photographs. By taking multiple photos of an object from different angles and inputting them into photogrammetry software, the photos can be analyzed to generate a 3D mesh recreation of the original object.
Photogrammetry works by finding common points and features across the photos. As the software analyzes more photos, it builds up information about the object’s shape, contours, and textures. Advanced algorithms triangulate and reconstruct the subject into a 3D model.
The resulting model can be exported in various 3D file formats for purposes like 3D printing, VR/AR, visual effects, and gaming. Photogrammetry makes it easy for anyone to create realistic 3D replicas from simple photos.
Equipment You’ll Need
You don’t need expensive gear to shoot photos for photogrammetry. Here is the basic equipment you’ll need:
- Camera: Any digital camera can work, including DSLRs, mirrorless cameras, advanced point-and-shoots, or even smartphones. DSLR or mirrorless cameras produce the highest quality results.
- Lenses: A wide-angle or normal lens in the 18-50mm range works well. Shoot as tight as possible to the subject. Macro lenses can capture fine details.
- Tripod: Using a tripod keeps the camera steady and shots consistent across photos.
- Remote trigger or timer: To prevent blur from touching the camera, use a remote shutter release or timer.
- Backdrop: A solid colored backdrop helps the software track points.
- Lighting: Bright, even, diffuse lighting works best to avoid shadows. Continuous lights or flash can be used.
- Photogrammetry software: Options like RealityCapture, Metashape, or Meshroom (free) to generate models.
Camera Settings and Photography Tips
To capture photos suited for photogrammetry, follow these camera settings and photography tips:
- High resolution: Use the highest resolution your camera offers, like 18+ megapixels. Higher resolution captures more detail.
- Low ISO: Keep ISO at 100 or 200 to minimize grain and noise.
- Narrow aperture: An aperture of f/8 to f/16 maintains sharp focus through the entire image.
- Quick shutter speed: A fast shutter speed like 1/125s or higher prevents motion blur from hand shake.
- RAW format: RAW retains the most image data for processing. JPGs can also work well.
- Manual mode: Set manual exposure mode to lock settings across all photos.
- Neutral lighting: Avoid mixed lighting or harsh shadows. Diffuse window light works great.
- Shoot in 360 degrees: Take photos moving all around the subject in a complete circle. More angles provide more coverage.
- Vary height: Mix in high and low angle shots in addition to eye level.
- Overlap photos: Each photo should overlap with the angle of view of other shots by at least 60%.
- Solid backdrop: A wrinkle-free backdrop without distractions gives the best results.
- Focus on the subject: Keep as much of the frame filled with just the subject as possible.
- Clean lens: Wipe any dust or smudges off the lens to maximize sharpness.
Shooting the Photos
When shooting photos of your object for photogrammetry, follow these tips:
- Place the subject on a clean backdrop and arrange your lighting for brightness and diffusion.
- Mount the camera on a tripod for stability. Use a remote trigger or timer to prevent blur.
- Start by taking photos all the way around the subject in a circular path. Overlap each shot by 60%.
- Vary the angle up and down by at least 30 degrees. Shoot some frames from below, some from above.
- Take extra photos of any complex areas or details you want to capture.
- Keep your distance consistent. Shoot from as close as possible while keeping the entire subject framed.
- Maintain the same focal length, aperture, ISO, and shutter speed across all photos.
- Check your work as you go. View photos on a larger screen if possible to inspect clarity and overlap.
- Capture at least 40-60 photos from all angles. More is always better for creating a detailed 3D model.
- Keep the subject static. Any movement between shots will cause errors in aligning photos.
Photogrammetry Software Options
Specialized photogrammetry software analyzes the photos and generates a 3D model through computational algorithms. Here are the top options:
RealityCapture
RealityCapture by Capturing Reality is an advanced photogrammetry program used widely for professional applications. It produces high accuracy models from photos or scans. Many interactive 3D models online were created with RealityCapture.
Metashape
Metashape Pro by Agisoft is another leading photogrammetry software for professional use. It features AI-powered algorithms and automated workflows to build 3D models efficiently. Detailed models can be exported for animation, VR, printing, and more.
Meshroom
Meshroom is a free, open source photogrammetry program from Alice Vision. It provides a node-based workflow but may require more manual tweaking compared to paid options. Meshroom is a good starting point for beginners.
Autodesk Recap
Recap Photo is a cloud-based photogrammetry service by Autodesk. It provides an automated process accessible through any web browser. Models can be cleaned up further in other Autodesk software.
Photomodeler
Photomodeler by Eos Systems converts photos into point clouds and meshes for applications like surveying, accident reconstruction, and reverse engineering. It offers camera calibration tools for precise measurement.
Optimizing the 3D Model
The initial 3D model created by the photogrammetry software will usually need some cleanup and optimization. Here are some tips:
- Fix holes and gaps: The surface may have holes and gaps that need patching. Meshmixer, Netfabb, or ZBrush can seal gaps.
- Smooth texture: Generated textures may appear low resolution or blurry. Maps can be enhanced in Photoshop.
- Simplify geometry: Decimating and optimizing the mesh in MeshLab removes excess geometry for easier printing.
- Refine details: For precision models, details like eyes or teeth can be sculpted in ZBrush or Meshmixer.
- Make it watertight: For 3D printing, the model must be a watertight closed manifold mesh. Netfabb auto-repair fixes most issues.
- Add thickness: Extremely thin surfaces may need thickening added for structural strength when 3D printing.
- Cut into parts: Large models may need dividing into smaller parts for printing if they exceed build volume.
- Export file format: OBJ, STL, and PLY are common formats for 3D printing. FBX or GLB work for AR/VR applications.
3D Printing Photogrammetry Models
With some finessing, photogrammetry models can 3D print successfully. Here are some 3D printing guidelines:
- Print at high resolution – Choose at least 100 microns layer height for capturing surface details and textures.
- Use supports wisely – Generated supports can damage surface details. Carefully place manual supports.
- Print vertically – Models may need splitting into parts. Print upright surfaces for best quality.
- Choose filament fit for detail – PLA provides sharp details. ABS, PETG, or resin are also suitable choices.
- Sand and smooth – Light sanding and filler primer improves the finish. Acetone can smooth ABS parts.
- Paint for realism – Applying paint, sealant, or varnish brings out real-world colors and textures.
With the right settings and finishing, 3D printed photogrammetry models can accurately replicate the look and feel of the real subject.
Alternatives to Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry creates realistic 3D replicas by analyzing standard 2D photos. But other methods can also generate 3D models from photographic reference:
3D Scanning
3D scanning directly captures precise geometric data by digitizing an object’s shapes and surfaces. Resulting scans are extremely accurate but require a 3D scanner.
Image-Based Modeling
Modeling software like Blender allows manually constructing 3D models by visualizing photos as reference. This takes more time and skill but allows custom designs.
AI Image to 3D
New AI systems can convert a single image into a 3D model using trained machine learning algorithms. This method is still emerging but shows promise for easy 3D generation.
Tips for Best Photogrammetry Results
Follow these tips when shooting photos and processing models for highest quality photogrammetry 3D models:
- Use a DSLR or mirrorless camera for sharpest, highest resolution photos
- Photograph in bright, indirect lighting without shadows or glare
- Completely surround the subject with 60%+ overlapping photos
- Take extra photos capturing important details and textures
- Process RAW images for maximum quality
- Use RealityCapture, Metashape or Meshroom for optimal reconstruction
- Manually clean up holes, artifacts, and textures in the finished model
- Refine sculpting and optimize the geometry for 3D printing
- Test different layer heights and infill settings to balance quality and print time
With attention to photography and some practice with editing software, photogrammetry makes wonderfully accurate 3D models accessible to anyone from simple 2D photos. Turn your favorite objects into 3D prints or digital assets!
